Advanced Prompting Techniques
1. Chain-of-Thought (CoT) Prompting
A technique that encourages the model to break down complex problems into steps.
Example
prompt
Question: If John has 5 apples and gives 2 to Mary, who then gives 1 to Tom, how many apples does Mary have?
Let's solve this step by step:
John starts with 5 apples
2. John gives 2 apples to Mary
3. Mary gives 1 apple to Tom
Therefore, Mary has 1 apple (2 - 1 = 1)
Answer: Mary has 1 apple
Additional Example
Question: A store has 120 items in stock. They sell 30% of items on Monday and 25% of the remaining items on Tuesday. How many items are left?
Let's solve this step by step:
1. Initial stock is 120 items
2. Monday's sales: 30% of 120 = 120 ร 0.30 = 36 items sold
3. Items after Monday: 120 - 36 = 84 items
4. Tuesday's sales: 25% of 84 = 84 ร 0.25 = 21 items sold
5. Final remaining items: 84 - 21 = 63 items
Answer: 63 items are left
2. Few-Shot Prompting
Providing examples to guide the modelโs responses.
Example
prompt
Input: The movie was great!
Sentiment: Positive
Input: I didn't enjoy the service.
Sentiment: Negative
Input: The food was okay.
Sentiment: Neutral
Input: This is the best day ever!
Sentiment:
Additional Example
Task: Convert these sentences to past tense
Input: I eat breakfast every morning.
Output: I ate breakfast every morning.
Input: She runs to the store.
Output: She ran to the store.
Input: They write code together.
Output: They wrote code together.
Input: He speaks three languages.
Output:
3. Role Prompting
Assigning a specific role or persona to the AI.
Example
Act as an experienced Python developer. Review this code and suggest improvements:
def calc_sum(lst):
sum = 0
for i in lst:
sum = sum + i
return sum
Additional Example
Act as an experienced data scientist. Review this dataset and provide insights:
Dataset:
Age Income Education Purchased
25 45000 Bachelor No
35 85000 Masters Yes
28 35000 Bachelor No
4. Zero-Shot Prompting
Asking the model to perform tasks without examples.
Example
Classify this text into categories: business, technology, or entertainment:
"Apple announces new iPhone with revolutionary AI capabilities"
Additional Example
Identify if this statement is a fact or opinion:
"The Earth's atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen"
5. Self-Consistency Prompting
Getting multiple solutions and finding the most consistent answer.
Example
Solve this problem multiple ways:
What is 15% of 80?
Method 1: 80 ร 0.15
Method 2: (80 ร 15) รท 100
Method 3: 80 รท 100 ร 15
Additional Example
Calculate the area of a circle with radius 5 using different approaches:
Method 1: Using ฯ rยฒ
Method 2: Using diameter ร ฯ รท 4
Method 3: Using circumference ร radius รท 2
6. Tree of Thoughts (ToT)
Exploring multiple reasoning paths simultaneously.
Example
Problem: What's the best way to learn a new programming language?
Let's explore different approaches:
Path A: Self-study
- Pros: Flexible pace, cost-effective
- Cons: Lack of guidance, potential gaps
Path B: Bootcamp
- Pros: Structured learning, networking
- Cons: Expensive, fixed schedule
Path C: Project-based
- Pros: Practical experience, portfolio building
- Cons: May miss fundamentals
Additional Example
Problem: Should a startup focus on product development or marketing first?
Path A: Product First
- Initial thoughts: Build solid foundation
- Sub-thought: Perfect core features
- Sub-thought: Gather user feedback
- Outcome: Strong product, delayed growth
Path B: Marketing First
- Initial thoughts: Build audience early
- Sub-thought: Pre-launch excitement
- Sub-thought: Early adopter feedback
- Outcome: Fast growth, potential product gaps
Path C: Hybrid Approach
- Initial thoughts: Balanced strategy
- Sub-thought: MVP development
- Sub-thought: Targeted marketing
- Outcome: Moderate growth, iterative improvement
7. ReAct Prompting
Combining reasoning and acting in an iterative process.
Example
Task: Find a good restaurant in Paris
Thought: I need to consider cuisine type and location
Action: What type of cuisine are you interested in?
Response: French cuisine
Thought: Need to find highly-rated French restaurants
Action: Looking for top-rated French restaurants in central Paris
Additional Example
Task: Help a user choose a programming language to learn
Thought: Need to understand user's goals and background
Action: What's your programming experience and career goals?
Response: Complete beginner interested in web development
Thought: Web development suggests starting with frontend basics
Action: Recommend starting with HTML/CSS/JavaScript pathway
Response: Sounds good, how long will it take?
Thought: Need to provide realistic timeline
Action: Outline 3-6 month learning roadmap for basics
8. Least-to-Most Prompting
Breaking complex problems into smaller, manageable steps.
Example
Complex task: Create a web application
Steps:
1. Define requirements
2. Design user interface
3. Set up development environment
4. Create basic structure
5. Implement features
6. Test and debug
7. Deploy
Additional Example
Complex task: Write a research paper
Steps:
1. Choose topic
2. Gather sources
3. Create outline
4. Write introduction
5. Develop body paragraphs
6. Draft conclusion
7. Add citations
8. Review and edit
9. Format document
9. Context Refinement
Iteratively improving context for better responses.
Example
Initial: Write about cars
Refined: Write about electric vehicles
More refined: Write about Tesla Model 3's features and specifications
Final: Compare Tesla Model 3's 2023 features with its 2022 version
Additional Example
Initial: Write about space
Refined: Write about Mars exploration
More refined: Write about NASA's Mars rovers
Final: Compare the scientific discoveries made by Curiosity vs Perseverance rovers on Mars
10. Output Format Control
Specifying exact output structure.
Example
Generate a product review in the following format:
Product Name:
Rating (1-5):
Pros:
- [point 1]
- [point 2]
Cons:
- [point 1]
- [point 2]
Verdict:
Additional Example
Create a bug report in the following format:
Bug ID:
Severity (Critical/High/Medium/Low):
Environment:
Steps to Reproduce:
1.
2.
3.
Expected Behavior:
Actual Behavior:
Screenshots/Logs:
Assigned To:
Status:
Best Practices for Advanced Techniques
When to Use Each Technique
- Chain-of-Thought: Complex reasoning problems
- Few-Shot: Pattern-based tasks
- Role Prompting: Expert knowledge needed
- Zero-Shot: Simple, straightforward tasks
- Self-Consistency: Accuracy-critical problems
Combining Techniques
- Chain-of-Thought + Role Prompting
- Few-Shot + Output Format Control
- ReAct + Tree of Thoughts
Common Pitfalls to Avoid
- Overcomplicating simple prompts
- Providing inconsistent examples
- Unclear role definitions
- Too many constraints
- Insufficient context
Resources for Further Learning
- Anthropicโs Advanced Prompting Guide
- OpenAI Cookbook
- Prompt Engineering Papers
- LangChain Documentation
- Prompt Engineering Guide
References
- Learn Prompting Guide - Comprehensive guide to prompt engineering techniques and best practices
- https://www.promptingguide.ai/techniques
- https://roadmap.sh/prompt-engineering
- Prompt Engineering for Developers - https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/prompt-engineering-for/9781098156145/
- AI Development Platforms